Urgenda Foundation v State of the Netherlands (Supreme Court of the Netherlands, 2019) found that the Dutch Government breached Articles 2 and 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), upholding the Hague District Court’s decision from 2015.

The Court established that the ECHR applies due to the risks of dangerous climate change possibly threatening the lives and welfare of Dutch residents, making it the first national case applying the Convention to climate obligations.