On 27 November 2024, Namibia held general elections for both the president and the parliament. Namibia uses a two-round system for the presidential election in which a runoff round will occur if no one candidate secures more than 50 per cent of the vote. The presidential term is five years. 96 MPs are elected via closed list proportional representation, while eight are appointed by the president (AU 2024).

On 30 November 2024, Iceland  held snap parliamentary election after the Prime Minister dissolved parliament on 13 October 2024 (Reuters 2024). Members of Iceland’s unicameral parliament are elected using a multi-seat constituency system of proportional representation. Any political party must have at least 5 per cent of the vote to gain a seat in parliament.

The Union of Comoros held presidential and gubernatorial (governor) elections on 14 January 2024. The President is directly elected by plurality vote in up to two rounds. In accordance with a controversial 2018  constitutional referendum, the presidency rotates between the islands of Comoros, but now a president’s five-year term is renewable once (consecutive) (IFES 2024; International IDEA n.d.).

Togo held elections for its National Assembly on 29 April 2024. Originally scheduled for the 20 April 2024, the election was postponed for nine days in connection with a far-reaching and contested constitutional reform whereby the government is headed by a new President of the Council of Ministers (PoCM)—selected by parliament, without debate—instead of a directly elected President. The change extends the term of incumbent President Faure Gnassingbé, who has been in power since 2005 and whose presidential term was due to expire in 2025.

Presidential elections in the Republic of Croatia were held on 29 December 2024. After no candidate won a majority in the first round, a second round was held on 12 January 2025 (International IDEA 2024; Tesija 2024).

Romania held parliamentary elections—to the Chamber of Deputies and Senate—on 1 December 2024. The bicameral parliament operates under a proportional (list) system with members elected for four years. Party quotas on gender balance are voluntary only – 22 per cent of seats in the lower house are currently held by women MPs (International IDEA n.d.a.).